ࡱ> M bjbj== WWTl$ < 4$v"| | | | | | | | !!!!!!!$,# L%*!E| | | | | ! | | 0"   | $| | ! | !  8!!!| p m$ p!! F"0v"!v& v&! $$@><5=8 2 A<8AJ;0 =0 4J@6020B0 2 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, ?@>B8G0I8 ?>4 2;8O=85 =0 ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0 0<8 8 3>A?>40, 8A:0< 40 87:060 A2>OB0 1;03>40@=>AB :J< >B0@8 :;C1, 70 B>20 G5 <5 C4>AB>8 A G5ABB0 40 <5 ?>:0=8 40 87=5A0 ;5:F8O. 8E 8A:0; 8 40 8 1;03>40@O, 70B>20 G5 <5 C4>AB>O20B5 A <=>3>1@>9=>B> A8 ?@8AJAB285. "5<0B0 =0 =0H0B0 ;5:F8O I5 1J45  !<8AJ;JB =0 4J@6020B0 2 2@>?59A:8O AJN7 ?@5BJ@?O20 ?@><5=8  ?@8=F8?JB =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0 . >5B> >7=0G020, G5 B078 ?@><O=0 I5 1J45 @073;5640=0 A0<> ?@57 ?@87<0B0 =0 2;8O=85B>, :>5B> B>78 ?@8=F8? >:0720 2J@EC :>=F5?F8OB0 70 4J@6020B0. J?@5:8, G5 AJI5AB2C20B 8 4@C38 D0:B>@8, :>8B> >:0720B 2;8O=85 2J@EC ?@><5=8B5 2 :>=F5?F8OB0 70 4J@6020B0 2 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, =85, ?>@048 ;8?A0 =0 2@5<5, I5 A5 D>:CA8@0<5 A0<> 2J@EC ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0. )5 @0745;8< ;5:F8OB0 =0 425 G0AB8.  ?J@20B0 G0AB I5 >1AJ640<5 4J@6020B0 :0B> FO;>, => =5 2 AB@>38B5 @0<:8 =0 ?@02=0B0 48A:CA8O, 0 I5 A;5420<5 @0728B85B> =0 B5<0B0, ?>AB025=0 >B402=0 >B D@5=A:8O ?@>D5A>@ ?> A>F8>;>38O =0 ?@02>B>, Georges Burdeau. 0 2J?@>A0 70I> 871@0E A?5F80;=> B>20 @0728B85, I5 >B3>2>@O, G5 2A5:8 8<0 A2>8B5 :@8B5@88. > <>5 <=5=85, 70 =0H0B0 48A:CA8O 4=5A =5 18 ?@54AB02;O20;> 8=B5@5A 40 ?>AB02O<5 2J?@>A0 40;8 B5>@8OB0 70 ?@02=0B0 ;8G=>AB =0 4J@6020B0 5 ?>4 AJ<=5=85 8;8 =5. 0I>B> =5 5. :A?5@B8B5 ?> :>=AB8BCF8>==> ?@02>, :0B> 35@<0=F8B5 Laband 8 Jellinek 8 D@0=FC78=0 Duguit, ?>AB028E0 4>1@0 >A=>20 70 B078 B5>@8O 8, ?> B>78 =0G8=, >A83C@8E0 45?5@A>=8D8:0F8OB0 =0 4J@602=0B0 2;0AB 8 ?@@85<AB25=>ABB0 =0 4J@6020B0 2 B5G5=85 =0 2@5<5B>. 7, >10G5, 2O@20<, G5 2J73;548B5 =0 3>@5A?><5=0B8B5 C=825@A8B5BA:8 ?@>D5A>@8 A0 ?>-?>4E>4OI8 70 0=0;878@0=5 =0 =0AB>OI0B0 ?>;8B8G5A:0 8 D8;>A>DA:0 >A=>20 =0 >1548=5=0 2@>?0. >65 8 40 CA?5O 2 B078 ;5:F8O 40 =0?@02O ABJ?:0 =0?@54 2 B>78 =5>1E>48< A8=B57. J2 2B>@0B0 G0AB =0 B078 ;5:F8O, I5 @073;540<5 ?>->B1;87> 7=0G5=85B> 8 87?>;720=5B> =0 ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0 2 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, =09-25G5 >B 3;54=0 B>G:0 =0 AJ2<5AB=>B> AJI5AB2C20=5 =0 >1I8B5 52@>?59A:8 8=AB8BCF88, >B 54=0 AB@0=0, 8 =0 AJ>B25B=8B5 8=AB8BCF88 2 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 =0 !, >B 4@C30. O@20<, G5 5 =5>1E>48<> 28=038 40 8<0<5 ?@54284 A;54=>B>: 2@>?59A:0B0 8:>=><8G5A:0 >1I=>AB, @>45=0 ?@57 <0@B 1957 3. 2 8< 15 ?@52J@=0B0, B0:0 40 A5 :065, ?@57 D52@C0@8 1992 3. 2 2@>?59A:8O AJN7 ?> A8;0B0 =0 00AB@8EBA:8O 4>3>2>@.  ?>A;54AB285, ?@57 1997 3. B>78 4>3>2>@ 15 87<5=5= 8 =0@5G5= =0 8<5B> =0 :@0A828O 3@04 <AB5@40<, :J45B> 15 ?>4?8A0=. "0:0 15 AJ74045= ?>;8B8G5A:8 AJN7. !JN7, :>9B> ?@54AB02;O20 3@C?8@0=5 =0 AC25@5==8 4J@6028 8, A;54>20B5;=>, 5 <564C=0@>4=0 >@30=870F8O, <0:0@ 8 sui generis, :>OB> >A25= B>20 8<0 8 !J4  2@>?59A:8OB AJ4 2 N:A5<1C@3. "5@<8=JB sui generis A5 C?>B@51O20 2 A<8AJ;, G5 >@30=870F8OB0 8<0 ?@02=0 A0<>;8G=>AB A0<> 4>:>;:>B> AB020 2J?@>A 70  ?J@28O ABJ;1 8;8 ABJ;10 =0 >1I=>ABB0 . >4  ?J@28O ABJ;1 A5 @0718@0 A1>@0 >B @07?>@5418, :>8B> @53C;8@0B 182H0B0 2@>?59A:0 >1I=>AB. "578 @07?>@5418 A0 8=:>@?>@8@0=8 CA?5H=> 2 >3>2>@8B5 >B 00AB@8EB 8 <AB5@40<. <0 >I5 420  ABJ;10 2 B578 >3>2>@8, A 4@C38 4C<8 >I5 420 :>@?CA0 >B @07?>@5418, :>8B> A0 2 >1;0ABB0 =0 <564C?@028B5;AB25=>B> AJB@C4=8G5AB2> 8 =5 A0 >15:B =0 N@8A48:F8OB0 =0 !J40.  B>@8OB ABJ;1 A?040 :J< >1I0B0 2J=H=0 ?>;8B8:0 8 A83C@=>AB, 0 B@5B8OB  :J< ?@02>AJ485B> 8 2JB@5H=8B5 @01>B8.  1 0:2> 5 4J@6020B0? :> A5 AJ3;0A8<, G5 FO;0B0 ?>;8B8G5A:0 <8AJ; =0 ?>A;54=8B5 B@8 25:0 >B 52@>?59A:0B0 8AB>@8O, 5 F5;O;0 40 @0745;8 2;0ABB0 >B ;8G=>ABB0, :>OB> O C?@06=O20, B>3020 <>65< 40 ?@85<5<, G5 A;54 B>20 @0745;O=5, 4J@6020B0 5 ?>4G8=5=0 =0 :>=F5?F8OB0, :>OB> >1I5AB2>B> A8 5 873@048;> 70 A2>5B> 1J45I5, :0:B> 8 =0 ?>;8B8:>-8:>=><8G5A:0B0 >@30=870F8O, =5>1E>48<0 70 :>=B@>;8@0=5B> =0 B>20 1J45I5. O<0 =C640 40 A5 :0720, G5 =8B> 54=> >1I5AB2> =5 <>65 40 AJI5AB2C20 157 40 8<0 F5;, :>OB> 40  ?>4?5G0B0 AJ2<5AB=>B> AJI5AB2C20=5 =0 =53>28B5 G;5=>25. ">20 >1I> A?>@07C<5=85 (B>20, :>5B> ;0B8=8B5 =0@8G0B  :>=A5=ACA ) A5 D>@<8@0 ?> >B=>H5=85 =0 B078 F5;, :>OB> G;5=>25B5 =0 >1I=>ABB0 A0 ?>AB028;8 ?@54 A2>O AJN7 - AJN7, :>9B> 8;8 25G5 AJI5AB2C20 8;8 I5 1J45 AJ74045= 70 ?@J2 ?JB. !;54 :>5B>, 8420 =C640B0 >B A8AB5<0 >B ?@028;0, :>8B> 40 @53C;8@0B >B=>H5=8OB0 <564C G;5=>25B5 =0 >1I5AB2>B>. "578 ?@028;0, :>8B> I5 AB0=0B 704J;68B5;=8, I5 >?@545;OB ?>2545=85B> =0 2A5:8 G;5= ?> >B=>H5=85 =0 87?J;=5=85B> =0 3>@5?>A>G5=0B0 F5;. "J9 :0B> B0:820 ?@028;0 <>30B 40 1J40B A0<> ?@028;0B0 =0 70:>=0, =5:0 =0@5G5< 2A8G:8 BOE  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> 2A5:8 8=48284 =>A8 2 A515 A8 ?> >B=>H5=85 =0 >1I5AB2>B>, :J< :>5B> ?@8=04;568, B078  845O , ?@54AB02;O20I0 A8;0B0 =0 :>;5:B82=>B> 2J7?@85<0=5 =0 A>F80;=>B> A?>@07C<5=85 (8;8 :>=A5=ACA0), :0:B> :070E<5 ?>-3>@5. >65< 40 0=0;878@0<5 8 ?>-=0B0BJ: B078  845O 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 : B>20 5 :>=F5?F8OB0 =0 >1I5AB2>B> 70 A8AB5<0B0 >B ?@020 8 704J;65=8O, :>OB> A5 ?@5E2J@;O 2J@EC G;5=>25B5 =0 >1I5AB2>B> 8 @53C;8@0 >B=>H5=8OB0 ?><564C 8<. BBC:, 2J@E>25=AB2>B> =0 70:>=0, 2:;NG5=> 2 ?@02=0B0 A8AB5<0 =0 4045=> >1I5AB2> 878A:20 =53>2>B> ?@8;>65=85, 70 40 <>65 B>78 70:>=>2 @54 40 A5 @50;878@0 - B.5. 40 A5 ?>AB83=5 F5;B0 =0 4045=>B> >1I5AB2>. B B078 3;54=0 B>G:0, 2J@E>25=AB2>B> =0 70:>=0 ?>AB02O 704J;65=8O =0 E>@0B0, => 3;02=0B0 <C 3@860 5 >1I5AB2>B>. 0718@0 A5, 8<0 8 4@C38 A>F80;=8 ?@028;0, :>8B> ?>AB835B AJI8O @57C;B0B, => 70:>=JB 8<0 54=0 4>?J;=8B5;=0 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0, :>OB> ;8?A20 =0 4@C38B5: 878A:20 :>=F5?F8O, :>OB> 5 OA=> D>@<C;8@0=0, 2>;O 40 1J45 =0;>65=0, :0:B> 8 704J;65=85B> 40 1J45 ?@8;030=0. "578 B@8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 =0 2J@E>25=AB2>B> =0 70:>=0 <>30B 40 1J40B >B:@8B8 2 :>=F5?F8OB0 70 ;0ABB0. >65< 40 4>1028< 2 B>78 <><5=B, G5 AJ2<5AB=>B> AJI5AB2C20=5 =0 2;0ABB0 8 =0  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> A?><5=0E<5 ?>-3>@5, <>65 40 1J45 ?>GB8 8450;=> >AJI5AB25=> 2 @0<:8B5 =0 4J@602=8B5 8=AB8BCF88.  B>78 @54 =0 <8A;8, 28640<5 :>;:> 206=0 5 >=AB8BCF8OB0 70 >B45;=0B0 4J@6020, >=AB8BCF8O, =0?8A0=0 >B C?@02;O20I>B> BO;> (:>5B> 8 40 5 B>  2 4=5H=> 2@5<5 A<OB0<5, G5 B>20 5 =0@>4JB). '@57 >=AB8BCF8OB0, C?@02;O20I>B> BO;> >?@545;O =0G8=JB =0 @0718@0=5 =0 65;0=8O A>F80;5= @54 70 =53>2>B> >1I5AB2>, ?@8=C640209:8 B578, :>8B> C?@02;O20B (0 =5 A0<> B578, :>8B> A0 C?@02;O20=8) 40 C206020B  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 . !;54>20B5;=>, 0:> 4J@6020B0 ?@8B56020 2;0ABB0 40 C?@02;O20, B078 2;0AB =5 5 01A>;NB=0. 0I>B> 2;0ABB0 A5 ?>4G8=O20 =0 70:>=0, BJ9 :0:B>  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> AJ74045 ;0ABB0, 459AB20 ?> AJI8O =0G8= A?@O<> 4J@602=0B0 2;0AB: BO AJI> O AJ74045. @>G85, 2 B578 :@0B:8 I@8E8, =O<0 <OAB> 70 >B2@0B8B5;=8 45D>@<0F88, :0B> B578, :>8B> A5 =01;N4020B 2 =O:>8 52@>?59A:8 AB@0=8 2 =5 B>;:>20 40;5G=>B> <8=0;>. !?@0254;82>ABB0 B>3020 A5 @073;5640 :0B> @>45=0 >B 4J@6020B0, 0 4J@6020B0  :0B> ?5@A>=8D8:0F8O =0 A8;0B0, A;54>20B5;=> A0<> A8;0B0 <>65 40 @0640 @02>B>. >65 18 5 2@5<5 40 702J@H8< ?> A;54=8O =0G8=: 4J@6020B0 =5 A5 >3@0=8G020 AJA 70:>==>ABB0, 8<5==> 70I>B> 5 @>45=0 >B  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> AJI> B0:0 5 8 872>@ 70 =59=0B0 70:>==>AB, 8 A;54>20B5;=> 5 >3@0=8G5=0 >I5 >B <><5=B0 =0 A2>5B> @0640=5. 3@0=8G020=5B> =0 4J@6020B0 >B <><5=B0 =0 =59=>B> @0640=5 A5 >A=>2020 =0 D0:B0, G5 B578, :>8B> C?@02;O20B, =5 <>30B 40 49AB20B A@5IC  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> 5 ?@85B0 >B >1I5AB2>B> :0B> FO;>. >30B> B578, :>8B> C?@02;O20B 87?J;=O20B A2>8B5 704J;65=8O 40 04<8=8AB@8@0B :>;5:B82=>B> AJI5AB2C20=5, B>3020 B5 B@O120 40 4>2540B B078  845O 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 4> =82>B> =0 2A5:84=52=8B5 ?@>1;5<8, ?>AB>O==> CA;>6=O20I8 A5, :>8B> 2J7=8:20B :0B> @57C;B0B =0 AJI5AB2C20=5B> 8 ?@>3@5A0, ?>AB83=0B >B ?>;8B8G5A:8B5 >1I5AB20.  2 >A;54=0 B>G:0 =0 ?J@20B0 G0AB =0 B078 ;5:F8O 5 :>=F5?F8OB0 70 4J@602=8O AC25@5=8B5B - 548= >B B@J=;828B5 2J?@>A8 =0 C1;8G=>B> ?@02>. 5:0 40 3> >?@545;8< =0 1070B0 =0 54=0 >B 4>AB0BJG=> ?@85<;828B5 D>@<8, B.5. A1>@ >B A?5F8D8G=8 ?@828;5388, 4045=8 =0 548= 548=AB25= C?@02;O20I, :>9B>, ?>@048 D0:B8G5A:>B> @07?>;030=5 A B578 ?@828;5388, 5 ?>AB025= =0 ?>-28A>:> =82>, >B :>5B> B>9 =0;030 A2>OB0 2>;O. >65< AJI> B0:0 40 4>1028<, G5 4J@602=8OB AC25@5=8B5B 5 A8;0, @>45=0 >B A1>@0 >B A>F80;=8 >1AB>OB5;AB20, 8AB>@8G5A:8 8 =0F8>=0;=8, ?@8 :>8B> 68255 ?>;8B8G5A:>B> >1I5AB2> 2 B>78 <><5=B >B A2>5B> AJI5AB2C20=5. 5:0 40 >1>1I8<: B>78, :>9B> C?@02;O20 5 B>78, :>9B> @5H020 ?> >B=>H5=85 =0  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> 4><8=8@0 2 >?@545;5=0 A>F80;=0 3@C?0, A @07OA=5=85B> >10G5, G5 =5 C?@02;O20I8OB 5 ?@8G8=0B0 70 @0640=5B> =0  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , 0 A0<> G5 B078  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 =5 18 <>3;0 40 1J45 ?@8;>65=0, =8B> 18 <>3;0 40 1J45 5D5:B82=0, >A25= 0:> =5 1J45 ?@85B0 >B C?@02;O20I8O.  1 (?@><O=0 - 20) C<0B0 subsidium 5 ;0B8=A:0 8 >7=0G020 =5I>, :>5B> 5 ?><>I=>, 4>?J;=8B5;=>. 59=0B0 5B8<>;>38O B@O120 40 5 >:C@068;0 Bishop Ketteler 40 87<8A;8 B5@<8=0, :>30B> ?@57 XIX 25: 35@<0=A:0B0 <8AJ; ?@>CG20 B078 845O. 57028A8<> >B 2A8G:>, =O:>8 0=0;870B>@8 >B25640B 845OB0 70 ?><>I=0B0 2;0AB - B078, 4>?J;20I0 4J@602=0B0 2;0AB, =0704 :J< @8AB>B5; 8 !25B8 "><0 :28=A:8. J@28OB >1OA=O20 2 A2>O B@C4  >;8B8:0 , G5 >1I5AB2>B> 5 AJAB025=> >B 8=482848  3@0640=8, :>8B> D>@<8@0B 3@C?8 (:0B> A5<59AB20 8;8 A5;0), 2708<=> A2J@70=8 2 A>F80;=0B0 0@B8:C;0F8O A F5; 704>2>;O20=5 =0 :>=:@5B=8 =C648. ! 4@C38 4C<8, :0720 B>9, 3@04JB-4J@6020 (>B =53>20B0 5?>E0) 5 A;C68; A0<> 70 704>2>;O20=5 =0 =C648B5 =0 =53>28B5 68B5;8, B. 5. ?J;=>B> >A83C@O20=5 =0 AB>:8  <0B5@80;=8 8 4CE>2=8. B>@8OB 02B>@, :>9B> 70<5=O 4@52=>3@JF:8O B5@<8=  68B5; A E@8AB8O=A:8O B5@<8=  G>25: 2 =53>28O B@C4  Contra Gentiles , ?>44J@60 B570B0, G5  4J@6020B0 5 ?@>AB> A@54AB2> 2 CA;C30 =0 >1I5AB2>B> 8 =59=0B0 F5; B@O120 40 1J45 ?5@D5:F8>=8@0=5B> =0 E>@0B0, 3@860B0 70 :>8B> 5 2 =59=8 @JF5, BJ9 :0B> B5 8<0B 8 2>;OB0 8 A?>A>1=>ABB0 40 >A83C@OB 704>2>;O20=5B> =0 A2>8B5 =C648.  4@C3 A2>9 B@C4  De Regno , B>9 >B15;O720, G5 4J@6020B0 B@O120 A0<> 40  :>@838@0& ?>4?><030& ?5@D5:F8>=8@0 . ">78 :@0BJ: 8AB>@8G5A:8 ?@53;54 =8 ?>:0720, G5 D>:CA=0B0 B>G:0 =0 425B5 :>=F5?F88 5 02B>=><8OB0 =0 8=482840 (3@0640=8= 8;8 G>25:) 8 =0 A>F80;=8B5 3@C?8, ?> >B=>H5=85 =0 4J@602=0B0 2;0AB. >4>1=8 5;5<5=B8 =0 0=0;87 <>30B 40 A5 =0<5@OB 8 2 B@C4>25B5 =0 35@<0=A:8O N@8AB >B 17-28 25: ;BC78CA, :0:B> 8 2 B@C4>25B5 =0 %535;. 725AB=> 5, G5 B078 :>=F5?F8O 4><8=8@0 35@<0=A:0B0 4J@602=0 AB@C:BC@0 ?@57 =59=8O 682>B, A 87:;NG5=85 =0 ?5@8>48B5 =0 02B>@8B0@=>AB. > AJI> 8 2 4J@6028, :J45B> 2J73;54JB 70 F5=B@0;878@0=0B0 4J@6020 28=038 5 18; 4><8=8@0I, =0?@8<5@ 2J2 $@0=F8O, C<>25 :0B> >=B5A:L> 8 ">:28;, E0?;82> @073;5640B 845OB0, :>OB> A0<8B5 D@0=FC78 =0@8G0B  O:C18=AB2> (?> 8<5B> =0 =59=8B5 ?>44@J6=8F8 ?> 2@5<5 =0 D@5=A:0B0 @52>;NF8O). >65 18 A<5 70?>G=0;8 40 A5 70?>7=020<5 A 54=0 25G5 AB0@0 :>=F5?F8O =0 ?>;8B8G5A:0B0 D8;>A>D8O, :>OB> =0A:>@> A5 >BJ@A8 >B ?@0E0 =0 8AB>@8OB0, 70 40 ?>4?><>3=5 =>2>B> BJ@A5=5 70 >1548=5=0 2@>?0, :J45B> 1;03>45=AB20I0B0 4J@6020, B0:020 :0:2>B> O ?>7=020<5 A;54 B>@0B0 A25B>2=0 2>9=0  :0B> >@30=870B>@ =0 ?>GB8 2A8G:8 A>F80;=8 459=>AB8, ?@5AB020 40 704>2>;O20 3>;5<8 3@C?8 >B >1I5AB2>B> 8 G8OB> 5D5:B82=>AB 25G5 A5 ?>AB02O ?>4 2J?@>A. B 2 "078 :>=F5?F8O 70?>G20 40 A5 ?>O2O20 OA=> 70 ?@J2 ?JB 2 52@>?59A:8B5 B5:AB>25, ?@57 N;8 1987 3>4., :>30B> 2;575 2 A8;0 the Single European Act (SEA), 8 B>20 ?>43>B28 3>;5<8O, >1548=5= 52@>?59A:8 ?070@ >B 1992 3>4. O<0 =8:0:2> AJ<=5=85, G5 8=8F80B>@ =0 :B0 15 B>3020H=8O ?@57845=B =0 2@>?59A:0B0 :><8A8O, 0: 5;>@, :0B53>@8G5= ?>44@J6=8: =0 ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0. > B@O120 40 >B15;568<, G5 @5D5@5=F8OB0 :J< B>78 ?@8=F8? 2 SEA (G;. 130) 15 =0?@025=0, 70 40 A5 ?>4G5@B05 =04=0F8>=0;=0B0 :><?5B5=F8O =0 2@>?59A:0B0 >1I=>AB (2<5AB> :><?5B5=F88B5 =0 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8) 2 B0:820 >1;0AB8 :0B> >:>;=0B0 A@540, ?@>CG20=8OB0 8 @0728B85B>. "J:<> >1@0B=>B>, AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 =5 18E0 ?>25@8;8 ?>25G5 B578 :><?5B5=F88 =0 A>F80;=8 3@C?8, :0:B> >B15;O70E<5 ?@548 B>20 2 =0H8O 8AB>@8G5A:8 ?@53;54. !;54>20B5;=> 70?>G20 40 A5 ?>O2O20 42>9=8OB A<8AJ; =0 ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0. AJI=>AB, :0:B> >B15;O70E<5 ?@5420@8B5;=>, ?>;8B8:>-D8;>A>DA:8B5 0=0;878 878A:20B >B 4J@6020B0 40 >BABJ?8 B578 :><?5B5=F88 =0 A>F80;=8 3@C?8, 4>:0B> A?>@54 52@>?59A:8B5 B5:AB>25 >B 1987 3>4. B578 :><?5B5=F88 B@O120 40 1J40B ?@54045=8 =0 B078 =04=0F8>=0;=0 2;0AB, ?>-B>G=>, 2@>?59A:0B0 >1I=>AB. "J9 :0B> F5;B0 =0 @5D5@5=F8OB0, =0?@025=0 2 SEA 5 C25;8G020=5B> =0 8=B53@0F8OB0 <564C, B>3020 12-B5, AB@0=8-G;5=:8 =0 2@>?59A:0B0 >1I=>AB, BO 5 2:;NG5=0 >B=>2> 2 >3>2>@0 >B 00AB@8EB (G;.3), :>9B> AJ74020 2@>?59A:8O AJN7. > AJ4J@60=85B> =0 B5@<8=0  ?@8=F8? =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0 =5 15 =0?J;=> >?@545;5=>. @8B5@88B5 70 >F5=O20=5B> <C =5 A0 45B5@<8=8@0=8, 0 AJI5AB2C20 AJI> B0:0 2J?@>AJB :>9 I5 ?@5F5=8, G5 A0 87?J;=5=8 2A8G:8 ?@5420@8B5;=8 CA;>28O 70 =53>. J?@5:8, G5 I5 A5 >?8B0<5 40 A5 70=8<05< A ?@02=8O 0A?5:B =0 B>78 2J?@>A A;54 <0;:>, <>65< 40 >B15;568<, G5 @548F0 AB@0=8-G;5=:8 =5 65;0OB 2@>?59A:0B0 :><8A8O 40 83@05 @>;OB0 =0 548=AB25= AJ48O ?> >B=>H5=85 =0 B578 ?@5420@8B5;=8 CA;>28O, BJ9 :0B> ?> B>78 =0G8= B5 18E0 703C18;8 ?@828;5388B5, ?@>87B8G0I8 >B B5E=8O AC25@5=8B5B. > I5 B@O120 40 ?@85<5<, G5  :0:B> =O:>8 4>1@5 8=D>@<8@5=8 52@>?59A:8 ?>;8B8F8 >B15;O70E0 ?> 2@5<5 =0 ?@53>2>@8B5 70 00AB@8EBA:8O 4>3>2>@, G5 B>G=> B078 =5OA=>B0 ?> >B=>H5=85 =0 ?@8=F8?0 (=5OA=>B0, :>OB> G5AB> ?>72>;O20 2708<=>87:;NG20I8 A5 8=B5@?@5B0F88), =0?@028 2J7<>6=> ?@85<0=5B> <C >B AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8. "0:0 B5 <>30B 40 A5 ?>7>2020B =0 B>78 ?@8=F8? 8 2AO:0 54=0 3> 87?>;720, 70 40 ?>4:@5?O A2>5B> AB0=>28I5: =0?@8<5@, >B 70I8B=8F8B5 =0 845OB0 70 D545@0;=0 2@>?0, :J45B> 3>;5<8 :><?5B5=F88 A0 ?@5E2J@;5=8 =0 =04=0F8>=0;=0B0 2;0AB, >B 54=0 AB@0=0 8 >B 70I8B=8F8B5 =0 845OB0 70 ?>-3>;O<0 02B>=><8O =0 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8, >B 4@C30. 0:@0O, @07;8G020I8B5 A5 ?>;8B8G5A:8 8 ?@02=8 B@048F88 =0 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 <>30B 40 AJI5AB2C20B 2708<=> A0<> ?>4 B>78 ?>:@82, G8OB> =5>?@545;5=>AB 18 C;5A=8;0 B>20 AJ68B5;AB2>. :> A530 A5 >?8B0<5 40 >1>1I8<, I5 B@O120 40 >B15;568<, G5 420B0 0A?5:B0 =0 AC1A8480@=8O ?@8=F8?, :0:B> 25G5 3>2>@8E<5 70 BOE (>B 54=0 AB@0=0, ?@5E2J@;O=5B> =0 :><?5B5=F88B5 >B AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 :J< =04=0F8>=0;=0B0 2;0AB 8 >B 4@C30 AB@0=0, ?@54020=5B> =0 :><?5B5=F88B5 >B F5=BJ@0 :J< =82>B> =0 ?5@8D5@8OB0 8;8 @538>=0) A5 4J;60B: ?J@28OB  =0 @0728B85B> =0 8=B5@=0F8>=0;878@0=5B> =0 8:>=><8G5A:8B5 ?@><5=8 ?@57 80-B5 8 AJ74020=5B> =0 =04=0F8>=0;=8 AB@C:BC@8, :0:20B> 5 , 2B>@8OB  =0 CAB0=>2O20=5B> =0  ?5@8D5@=> =82> :0B> ?>;720B5; =0 2;0ABB0 ?0@0;5;5= =0 4J@602=8O F5=BJ@. ">20 @0718@0 A5 5 2O@=> 70 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8, :>8B> ?@548 B>20 =5 A0 8<0;8 D545@0;=0 2JB@5H=0 AB@C:BC@0 (B0:020, :0:20B> 8<0B 5@<0=8O 8 2AB@8O).  2 420B0 A;CG0O =85 =01;N4020<5 BJ@A5=5B> =0 4J@602=0 ?0@0483<0 @07;8G=0 >B B.=0@. F5=B@0;878@0=0 B0:020, :J< :>OB> ?>GB8 2A8G:8 =85 A<5 ?@828:=0;8. J;=0B0 :0@B8=0 =8 ?>:0720, G5 ?@8=F8?JB =0 ACA8480@=>ABB0 ?@54AB02;O20 >?8B 40 A5 @5H0B =>28B5 8 <=>3>AB@0==8 ?@>1;5<8 2 >@30=870F8OB0 =0 4J@6020B0.  B>78 <><5=B, AB@C20 <8 A5, I5 B@O120 40 A5 2J@=5< :J< ?J@20B0 G0AB =0 B>20 5A5, :J45B> ?>4G5@B0E<5, G5  845OB0 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 , :>OB> 54=> >1I5AB2> ?@8B56020, B@O120 40 ?>A@5I0 =C648B5 =0 AJ2@5<5==8B5 ?@>1;5<8, ?@>1;5<8 =5?@5:JA=0B> CA;>6=O20I8 A5, :>8B> 2J7=8:20B :0B> @57C;B0B >B ?@>3@5A0, ?>AB83=0B 2 ?>;8B8G5A:8B5 >1I5AB20, B. 5. 4J@6028B5. >A;54=> =01;N45=85, =5>1E>48<>, 70 40 ?@8:;NG8< =0AB>OI0B0 G0AB: 0G8=JB, >?8A0= ?>-3>@5, 70 B>20 :0: ?>AB5?5==> 4J@6020B0 A5 >A2>1>64020 >B :><?5B5=F88B5, A :>8B> 5 18;0 =0B>20@5=0, >A>15=> ?@57 ?>A;54=8B5 =O:>;:> 45A5B8;5B8O, B@O120 40 38 >3@0=8G8 4> B578, :>8B> B0:0 8;8 8=JG5 9 ?@8=04;560B, B.5. 2J=H=0B0 8 <>=5B0@=0B0 ?>;8B8:0, >B1@0=0B0, ?>44J@60=5 =0 CAB>9G82>ABB0 =0 A>F80;=8O 5:28;81@8C< (@02=>25A85) 8 =0 >1@07>20=85B> - ?@54<5B8, 2A8G:8 B5 BOA=> A2J@70=8 A :>=F5?F8OB0 70 4J@602=8O AC25@5=8B5B. B 3 >, :0B> FO;>, 52>;NF8OB0 =0 ?@8;030=5B> =0 AC1A8480@=8O ?@8=F8? 2 @0<:8B5 =0 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, :J45B> 2@>?59A:0B0 :><8A8O A5 AB@5<8 40 =0;>68 A2>OB0 =04=0F8>=0;=0 AB>9=>AB, ?@>2>:8@0 @50:F8OB0 =0 =O:>8 AB@0=8-G;5=:8, 8 ?>-A?5F80;=> =0 1548=5=>B> :@0;AB2>, :>8B> 2=5A>E0 <5<>@0=4C< ?> B>78 2J?@>A 2 @01>B=0B0 3@C?0, ?@54A540B5;AB20=0 >B ?>A;0=8: 0@;>A 5AB5=4>@?, :>OB> ?>43>B28 =>28O >3>2>@ 70 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, 8725AB5= :0B> >3>2>@JB >B <AB5@40<. 5 <>65< 40 87153=5< =0 B>78 5B0? =01;N45=85B>, G5 FO;>AB=0B0 ?>;8B8:>-D8;>A>DA:0 :>=F5?F8O 70 >1I5AB2>B> 2 1548=5=>B> :@0;AB2>, >A>15=> >B 2@5<5B> =0 "><0A %>1A, 878A:20 >B @07;8G=8B5 5B=8G5A:8 >1I=>AB8 2 :@0;AB2>B>, A;5420I8 A5 54=> A;54 4@C3>, 40 A5 0A8<8;8@0B, 8 >B45;=8O 8=48284 8 A>F80;=8 3@C?8 40 A5 ?>4G8=OB =0 ?>-H8@>:0B0 F5; =0 4J@6020B0. ">20 =01;N45=85 87>1I> =5 >7=0G020, G5 2 1548=5=>B> :@0;AB2> ;8?A20 45<>:@0F8O; BJ:<> >1@0B=>B>, B> >7=0G020, G5 AJI5AB2C20  845O 70 A?@0254;82>ABB0 2 >1I5AB2>B>, :0:B> 284OE<5 2 G0AB  =0 B078 ;5:F8O, => 845O, G8OB> A>F80;=0 F5; A5 @07;8G020 >B B078 =0 4@C38B5 AB@0=8-G;5=:8. > A;54 :0B> 15 ?@85B>, G5 B5:ABJB =0 G;. 3 >B 00AB@8EBA:8O 4>3>2>@ I5 >AB0=5 B0:J2 :0:J2B> 5, <5<>@0=4C<JB =0 1548=5=>B> :@0;AB2> 15 8=:>@?>@8@0= :0B> @>B>:>; :J< =>28O >3>2>@ >B <AB5@40<.  @>B>:>;0 <>65 40 A5 C;>28 8725AB=> GC2AB2> =0 =5C4>2>;AB285 >B 2@>?59A:0B0 :><8A8O, 70@048 =0G8=0, ?> :>9B> BO 87?>;720 ?@8=F8?JB =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0, =5?@5:JA=0B> AJ74020I0 =04=0F8>=0;=8 ?@02=8 =>@<8 8 ?@>F54C@8, :>8B> >3@0=8G020B AC25@5=8B5B0 =0 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8. >@048 B>20, 2 @>B>:>;0 A0 70;>65=8 ?@028;0, :>8B> B@O120 40 A5 278<0B ?@54284 >B 8=AB8BCF88B5 =0 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, :>30B> A5 ?@>25@O20 40;8 ?@5420@8B5;=8B5 CA;>28O, >?@545;5=8 >B AC1A8480@=8O ?@8=F8?, A0 87?J;=5=8, :>30B> ?@54AB>8 40 1J45 CB2J@45= =O:0:J2 70:>=>2 0:B. >28OB 0A?5:B 15, G5 2@>?59A:8OB AJ25B 2J2 85=0 ?@57 45:5<2@8 1998 3>4. 75 @5H5=85, G5 B578 ?@028;0 B@O120 25G5 40 A0 275B8 ?@54284 >B 8=AB8BCF88B5 =0 2@>?59A:8O AJN7.  4 > B>78 <><5=B =85 A5 70=8<020E<5, @0718@0 A5, A >1I8B5 0A?5:B8 =0 AC1A8480@=8O ?@8=F8? 8 70 40 ?@8:;NG8< I5 B@O120 AJI> B0:0 40 @073;540<5, 4>@8 8 AJ2A5< >3@0=8G5=>, 548= >B ?@02=8B5 0A?5:B8 =0 B>78 2J?@>A. 5G5 :070E<5, G5 G;.3 >B 00AB@8EBA:8O 4>3>2>@, :0:B> 8 >3>2>@JB >B <AB5@40<, 4020B >?@545;5=85 =0 B>78 ?@8=F8?, <0:0@ 8 4>AB0 <J3;O2>. 0718@0 A5, 54=> ?@>AB> A?><5=020=5 =0 B>78 ?@8=F8? <>65 40 A5 >B:@85 8 2 G;. =0 >1I8B5 @07?>@5418 =0 4>3>2>@0, :>8B> A5 >B=0AOB 4> F5;8B5 =0 !JN70. >65 40 A5 >B:@85 8 2 G;.3, :>9B> A5 >B=0AO 4> AJB@C4=8G5AB2>B> =0 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 ?> 2J?@>A8B5 =0 ?@02>AJ485B> 8 2JB@5H=8B5 @01>B8. 57028A8<> >B B>20, 48=1C@3A:8OB 2@>?59A:8 AJ25B (45:5<2@8 1992) =0<0;8 B078 =5OA=>B0 G@57 ?@8;030=5B> =0  3;>10;5= ?>4E>4 :J< 2J?@>A0. !J25BJB ?@5F5=8 B>3020, G5 G;.3 2:;NG20 B@8 3;02=8 B>G:8: !B@>38 3@0=8F8 =0 459AB28OB0 =0 1I=>ABB0; @028;> 70 >B3>20@O=5 =0 2J?@>A0: "@O120 ;8 1I=>ABB0 40 459AB20 8;8 =5 (2<5AB> AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8)? @028;> 70 >B3>20@O=5 =0 2J?@>A0: 0: 40 87<5@20<5 8=B5=78B5B0 8;8 E0@0:B5@0 =0 459AB28OB0 =0 >1I=>ABB0 (0:> 1I=>ABB0 459AB20 2<5AB> AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8)? ">78 B@5B8 5;5<5=B 5 87OA=5= 2 B@5B8O ?0@03@0D =0 G;.3, :J45B> A5 :0720, G5  59AB28OB0 =0 1I=>ABB0 70 ?>AB830=5B> =0 F5;8B5 =0 =0AB>OI8O >3>2>@ =5 <>30B 40 <8=020B >B2J4 =5>1E>48<8B5 3@0=8F8. '0ABB0 >B D@070B0  & =5>1E>48<8B5 3@0=8F8 A5 >?@545;O >B <=>78=0 :0B> ?@8=F8?0 =0 ?@>?>@F8>=0;=>B> 459AB285 (A 4@C38 4C<8: ?@>?>@F8>=0;=>AB), 0 >B 4@C38  :0B> :@8B5@89 70 8=B5=78B5B0 =0 459AB28OB0 =0 1I=>ABB0. 57028A8<> >B 2A8G:>, B>20 5 =09-206=>B> ?@54CA;>285 70 ?@8;030=5 =0 AC1A8480@=8O ?@8=F8? 8, :0B> 2A8G:8 @07?>@5418 =0 >3>2>@0 >B=0AOI8 A5 4> 1I=>ABB0, 5 ?>4 N@8A48:F8OB0 =0 2@>?59A:8O AJ4, :>9B> 3> 5 ?@52J@=0; 2 >A=>25= ?@8=F8? =0 A2>OB0 N@8A?@C45=F8O. 0@8G0= 5 AJI> 8 :@8B5@89 70 8=B5=78B5B, 70I>B>, :0:B> 284OE<5 >B :070=>B> 4>A530, AJI=>ABB0 =0 2B>@8O 2J?@>A - ?>-B>G=>, B@O120 ;8 1I=>ABB0 40 459AB20 8;8 =5 2<5AB> AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 - A5 ?@85<0 70 @5H5=0, BJ9 :0B> 3>2>@8< 25G5 70 459AB28O =0 1I=>ABB0. !;54>20B5;=> A5 ?>24830 2J?@>A0 70 8=B5=78B5B0, A 4@C38 4C<8, 70 ?@8@>40B0 =0 459AB285B>. >30B> 2@>?59A:8OB AJ4 @073;5640 ?@8=F8?0 =0 ?@>?>@F8>=0;=>B> 459AB285 =0 1I=>ABB0, B>9 =02;870 2 >1;0ABB0 =0 :0G5AB25=8B5 8, 0:> 5 2J7<>6=>, :>;8G5AB25=8 8=48:0B>@8, :>8B> A5 ?@54?>;030, G5 =0;030B 459AB285 >B AB@0=0 =0 1I=>ABB0, 0 =5 >B AB@0=0 =0 AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8. )8 8 40< ?@8<5@, 2 45;>B>  (@045@ , !J4JB, 2 A2>5B> @5H5=85 >B 1.07.1989 3>4., ?@85<0 G5 =0 1I=>ABB0 =5 5 ?>72>;5=> 40 =0;030 8:>=><8G5A:0 B565AB 2J@EC 40=J:>?;0BF8B5 >B AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8, :>OB> 5 =5?@>?>@F8>=0;=> ?>-28A>:0 >B B078, :>OB> AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 A0 =0;>68;8 =0 A2>8B5 40=J:>?;0BF8. !J4JB 2O@20, G5 B>20 =5 1820 40 A5 A;CG20 8 G5 B>20 18 0=C;8@0;> 459AB285B> =0 1I=>ABB0, 4>@8 0:>, :0:B> A5 :0720 2 @5H5=85B>, F5;8B5 =0 >3>2>@8B5 A5 >1A;C620B ?>-4>1@5 >B 459AB285B> =0 1I=>ABB0, >B:>;:>B> >B B578 =0 >B45;=8B5 4J@6028. 0<8 8 3>A?>40, 8E A5 @0420;, 0:> AJ< CA?O; 40 8 ?><>3=0, A B>20 :>5B> :070E 4>BC:, 40 @0715@5B5 ?@>1;5<0 <0;:> ?>25G5. ;03>40@O 8! NB: >;O, ?@>G5B5B5 G;. 3B >B 00AB@8EBA:8O 4>3>2>@:  1I=>ABB0 I5 459AB20 2 @0<:8B5 =0 ?@02><>I8OB0, 4045=8 9 ?> A8;0B0 =0 B>78 >3>2>@ 8 =0 ?>AB025=8B5 9 F5;8, ?@>87B8G0I8 >B =53>.  AD5@8B5, :>8B> =5 A0 2:;NG5=8 2 =59=0B0 :><?5B5=F8O, 1I=>ABB0 I5 459AB20, 2 7028A8<>AB >B ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>AB, A0<> 0:> 8 2 A;CG08B5, 2 :>8B> F5;8B5 =0 ?@54;>65=>B> 459AB285 =5 <>30B 40 1J40B 704>2>;8B5;=> ?>AB83=0B8 >B AB@0=8B5-G;5=:8 8 A;54>20B5;=> <>30B, ?>@048 @07<5@0 =0 8;8 @57C;B0B0 >B ?@54;>65=>B> 459AB285, 40 1J40B ?>-4>1@5 ?>AB83=0B8 >B 1I=>ABB0. 0:2>B> 8 40 5 459AB285 =0 1I=>ABB0 =5 <>65 40 87;870 872J= 3@0=8F8B5 =0 B>20, :>5B> 5 =5>1E>48<> 70 ?>AB830=5 =0 F5;8B5 =0 B>78 >3>2>@. <fzJ 8 ~ v~"(*8: 66=="?&?0?2?????.C2CEEHFJF"G$G*GJGNG^GpG:HFHHHXH,J:JMMRM`M N,N.N>NZP^P`P¼¼״׬׬׬>*CJmHsH5CJmHsH 6mHsHmHsH6CJmHsH6CJmH sH  CJmHsH CJmH sH 56CJmH sH 5CJmH sH 5CJmHsHDH J 8 : :<Z\ 2!4!$a$`$`a$$`a$$a$$a$4!,$.$((,,//44669 9"?$?&?0?2?B@F@\B^BDDG G$a$$`a$$a$ G"GJGLGNGHHNMPMQQRRVV@ZBZLZNZ:]<]~``xczcBeDeii$a$$a$`PjPdRRBZDZJZ>[D[F[R[T[d[f[l[p[v[]]ccddmnnn~pprrss}}~~~~`N܈nprz|vƘȘ֘4JԜ4ޢĤ&mHsH >*mHsHmHsH6CJmHsH CJmHsH5CJmHsH5CJmH sH >*CJmHsH CJmHsH CJmH sH JillpprsuuzzL{~~~~~^`NPڈ܈npz$a$$h^ha$$h`ha$$ & Fa$$a$z| tv\ PR8:z|~x$h^ha$$`a$$ & Fa$$a$Ȧʦ 6mHsH5CJmHsH CJmH sH  CJmHsH$`a$. A!"#$% i0@0 Normal_HmH sH tH D@D Heading 1$$@&a$5CJmHsHu<A@< Default Paragraph Font6B@6 Body TextCJmH sH u@P@@ Body Text 2$a$CJmH sH uXC@X Body Text Indent$`a$56CJmHsHuVR@"V Body Text Indent 2$`a$CJmHsHuThijkCD[\rsJKKL!#./  !!!!!!z"{"$$&&D'E'j)k) +!+&+'+,,?.@.//0022 4466L7788b;c;;_=`=a=f=g=/?0?AAmBnB7E8E=E>EFFGGHHHIIIMMPPPPPPP?ABQR`ajkmnz{}~JL ? B C J L    [\rtJLKM!$.0  !!$!%!!!!!!!!!!"$","-"z"|"####$$$$$$%"%-&0&5&8&&&D'F'j)l)** +#+%+(+++,,,,?.A.////00}00002233 4455P5R566L6M677S7V77788@9B9b;c;<<_=a=e=h=j=l=/?1?@@AA1B2BmBoB7E:E=E?EFFGGHHIIcJdJkJnJKK%K&KvKwKKKjLlLLL"M#MdMeMpMrMMMMM"N#N"O#OOOPPPPPPJQOQdQfQQQTTgkBDPQ#%GHwxIL   Z\qtILJM $-0 !!!!y"|"$$&&C'F'i)l)+(+,,>.A.//0022 4466K7L77788a;c;;;^=a=e=h=.?1?AAlBoB6E8E<5=8 2 A<8AJ;0 =0 4J@6020B0 2 2@>?59A:8O AJN7, ?@>B8G0I8 ?>4 2;8O=85 =0 ?@8=F8?0 =0 AC1A8480@=>ABB0 greek embassy greekembassy Oh+'00`l      (Промени в смисъла на държавата в Европейския съюз, протичащи под влияние на принципа на субсидиарносттарgreek embassy reeNormalm greekembassy 2eeMicrosoft Word 9.0@Ik@J@xW@xW' EE ՜.+,0 hp  greek embassy?#U Промени в смисъла на държавата в Европейския съюз, протичащи под влияние на принципа на субсидиарността Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`acdefghijklmnopqrstuwxyz{|}Root Entry F`,m1Tablebv&WordDocumentSummaryInformation(vDocumentSummaryInformation8~CompObjjObjectPool`,m`,m  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q